Abstract Background Egg size represents an important form of maternal effect determined by a complex interplay of long-term adaptation and short-term plasticity balancing egg size with brood size.Haplochromine cichlids are maternal mouthbrooders showing differential parental investment in different species, manifested in great variation in egg size
Both theoretical predictions and experimental findings suggest that T cell populations can compete with each other.There is some debate on whether T cells compete for aspecific stimuli, such as access to the surface on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) or for specific stimuli, such as their cognate epitope ligand.We have developed an individual-based
For over 30 years, the International Association for the Study of Pain has defined pain as «an unpleasant sensorial and emotional experience associated to real or potential tissue damage».Today, evident shortcomings still exist in the use of adequate analgesia, especially in the emergency medicine context: pain is the most common sympto
This study measures the cost of organic milk production, and in particular, the differences in cost of production between organic and conventional milk in California.Results show that the total cost of production on a per cow and a per hundredweight basis is about 10% higher for organic producers than Belts for conventional producers in the surveye